[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":200},["ShallowReactive",2],{"content-route-/en/research/diet-gut-candida-associations-2013":3},{"state":4,"owner":4,"route":5,"locale":6,"template":7,"content":21,"projection":182,"alternates":191},"target","/en/research/diet-gut-candida-associations-2013","en-US",{"kind":8,"family":8,"sectionKeys":9},"research-summary",[10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20],"bottom-line","why-source-matters","study-population","tested","results","applicability","limitations","contribution","practical-change","funding-conflicts","source",{"kind":8,"title":22,"description":23,"firstPublished":24,"evidenceAsOf":24,"lastUpdated":24,"changeNote":25,"research":26,"relations":59,"body":63},"Candida, diet, and gut fungi: a 2013 study","A cross-sectional study found recent-diet associations with relative Candida abundance in stool; it did not measure candidiasis, symptoms, or treatment.","2026-10-08","Published a contextual summary of a cross-sectional diet and stool-fungi study; no Candida-related claim or practical guidance changed.",{"sourceId":27,"studyType":28,"population":29,"sampleScale":30,"contribution":31,"contributionRationale":32,"relatedEvidenceMap":33,"funding":34,"conflicts":35,"paperDate":36,"results":37,"applicability":40,"limitations":45,"practicalChange":58},"hoffmann-diet-gut-mycobiome-2013","Cross-sectional observational stool-sequencing analysis","Healthy volunteers from a United States cohort; the paper screened out people with chronic gastrointestinal disease, cardiac disease, diabetes, or immunodeficiency and required normal bowel frequency and BMI 18.5–35.","98 stool samples were collected; sequences from 96 passed quality filtering and were analyzed.","contextual","This study reports a cross-sectional association between recent reported diet and relative Candida abundance in stool. It did not assign diets or measure disease, symptoms, or treatment outcomes, so it provides context without supporting a diet-related clinical action.","/en/research/evidence/broad-candida-claims","Project UH2/3 DK083981; Penn Genome Frontiers Institute; NIH DK 089472 (GDW); Penn Digestive Disease Center P30 DK050306; Joint Penn–CHOP Center for Digestive, Liver, and Pancreatic Medicine; S10RR024525; UL1RR024134; and K24-DK078228. Funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or manuscript preparation.","The authors declared that no competing interests exist.","2013-06-17",[38,39],"Sequences from 96 of 98 collected stool samples were analyzed. Genus-level Candida was detected in 57% of the analyzed samples; this is stool detection, not a diagnosis of candidiasis.","Relative genus-level Candida abundance correlated positively with carbohydrate intake and negatively with total saturated fatty acids in the recent-diet inventory. The same direction was seen for usual long-term diet but was not statistically significant. The article reports no correlation coefficient or confidence interval in its text; Figure 5 is a heatmap, not an extractable effect-size table.",{"appliesTo":41,"doesNotApplyTo":43},[42],"Associations between self-reported recent diet and relative genus-level Candida abundance in stool among selected healthy United States volunteers, measured at one stool collection",[44],"Whether carbohydrate feeds pathogenic Candida, whether carbohydrate restriction changes Candida, whether stool detection is infection, or whether a diet treats symptoms",[46,49,52,55],{"finding":47,"limitation":48},"Recent carbohydrate and total saturated-fat intake correlated with relative Candida abundance in stool.","Diet was not assigned and the cross-sectional association cannot establish its direction or causality; the same direction for usual diet was not statistically significant.",{"finding":50,"limitation":51},"The diet analysis reports a correlation but no text effect size.","The article gives no correlation coefficient or confidence interval in its text, and Figure 5 is not a table of extractable estimates; the magnitude cannot be stated from the article text.",{"finding":53,"limitation":54},"Relative fungal sequence proportions were measured in one stool sample per participant.","Relative ITS1 sequencing does not establish absolute fungal burden, infection, or whether detected fungi are residents or food transients. Diet was self-reported, and diet analyses involved multiple exploratory comparisons with an FDR threshold as high as 25%.",{"finding":56,"limitation":57},"The analyzed outcomes were stool fungal sequences and diet inventories.","Symptoms, diagnosed candidiasis, treatment response, and clinical follow-up were not reported.","No practical change. This association does not show that carbohydrates feed pathogenic Candida, that restricting them changes Candida, or that a diet treats symptoms; it should not guide an individual's care.",[60],{"group":61,"route":33,"label":62},"evidence","Broad Candida claims evidence map",{"type":64,"value":65,"toc":178},"minimark",[66,79,94,100,106,118,130,136,142,148,154],[67,68,70],"content-section",{"section-key":10,"title":69},"Bottom line",[71,72,73,74,78],"p",{},"In a cross-sectional study of 96 analyzed stool samples, relative ",[75,76,77],"em",{},"Candida"," abundance was positively associated with recent carbohydrate intake and negatively associated with total saturated fatty acids. The same direction for usual diet was not statistically significant. The study did not test Candida disease or diet as treatment.",[67,80,82],{"section-key":11,"title":81},"Why this source matters",[71,83,84,85,87,88,93],{},"This is a human observational study of diet and fungi detected in stool. Its finding is an association, not evidence that carbohydrates cause pathogenic ",[75,86,77],{}," to grow. The ",[89,90,92],"a",{"href":91},"/en/research/evidence/broad-candida-claims/","broad Candida claims evidence map"," places it alongside the full evidence set.",[67,95,97],{"section-key":12,"title":96},"Study and population",[71,98,99],{},"The analysis used one stool sample per participant from healthy United States volunteers. Ninety-eight samples were collected; sequences from 96 passed quality filtering and were analyzed. The volunteers were screened to exclude chronic gastrointestinal disease, cardiac disease, diabetes, and immunodeficiency.",[67,101,103],{"section-key":13,"title":102},"What was tested",[71,104,105],{},"Researchers compared fungal marker-gene sequences from stool with self-reported usual and recent diet. Usual diet came from a food-frequency questionnaire. Recent diet came from three trained-nutritionist interviews recalling food eaten on three days in the week before stool collection. No diet was assigned, and each participant provided one stool sample.",[67,107,109],{"section-key":14,"title":108},"Results",[71,110,111,112,114,115,117],{},"The study detected genus-level ",[75,113,77],{}," in 57% of the analyzed samples. Relative ",[75,116,77],{}," abundance correlated positively with carbohydrate intake and negatively with total saturated fatty acids in the recent-diet inventory. The same direction appeared for usual long-term diet but did not reach statistical significance. The article reports no correlation coefficient or confidence interval in its text; Figure 5 is a heatmap rather than an extractable effect-size table. No symptoms, candidiasis diagnosis, or clinical outcome were measured.",[67,119,121],{"section-key":15,"title":120},"Applicability",[71,122,123,124,126,127,129],{},"These findings describe diet associations with relative fungal sequence abundance in stool from a selected group of healthy volunteers. They do not show that carbohydrate feeds pathogenic ",[75,125,77],{},", that restriction changes ",[75,128,77],{},", that stool detection means infection, or that a diet treats symptoms.",[67,131,133],{"section-key":16,"title":132},"Limitations",[71,134,135],{},"The cross-sectional design cannot establish which factor came first or whether the association was causal. Diet was self-reported, each participant contributed one stool sample, and sequencing measured relative proportions rather than absolute fungal burden. The diet analyses included multiple exploratory comparisons with an FDR threshold as high as 25%. The article gives no textual effect size, and it reports no disease, symptom, treatment, or clinical follow-up outcome.",[67,137,139],{"section-key":17,"title":138},"Contribution to the evidence",[71,140,141],{},"Contextual. The study records a recent-diet association in stool samples, while the same direction for usual diet was not statistically significant. It does not establish infection, a causal dietary effect, or a treatment benefit.",[67,143,145],{"section-key":18,"title":144},"Practical change",[71,146,147],{},"No practical change. This association does not support carbohydrate restriction or another diet as Candida treatment, and it should not guide an individual's care.",[67,149,151],{"section-key":19,"title":150},"Funding and conflicts",[71,152,153],{},"Funders included Project UH2/3 DK083981, the Penn Genome Frontiers Institute, the NIH, Penn Digestive Disease Center, the Joint Penn–CHOP Center for Digestive, Liver, and Pancreatic Medicine, and other listed research awards. The authors reported that funders had no role in the study or publication and declared no competing interests.",[67,155,157],{"section-key":20,"title":156},"Source",[71,158,159,165,166,171,172,177],{},[89,160,164],{"href":161,"rel":162},"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0066019",[163],"nofollow","Read the original PLOS ONE article"," (published June 17, 2013; ",[89,167,170],{"href":168,"rel":169},"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066019",[163],"DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066019","). The full text is also available from ",[89,173,176],{"href":174,"rel":175},"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3684604/",[163],"PubMed Central",".",{"title":179,"searchDepth":180,"depth":180,"links":181},"",2,[],{"sources":183,"claims":189,"safety":190},[184],{"sourceId":27,"title":185,"canonicalId":186,"canonicalUrl":161,"publisher":187,"sourceType":188,"publicationDate":36,"lastChecked":24},"Archaea and Fungi of the Human Gut Microbiome: Correlations with Diet and Bacterial Residents","PMID:23799070; DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0066019","PLoS ONE","observational-study",[],[],[192,195,198],{"rel":193,"hreflang":6,"href":194},"alternate","https://candipedia.org/en/research/diet-gut-candida-associations-2013/",{"rel":193,"hreflang":196,"href":197},"pl-PL","https://candipedia.org/pl/research/dieta-mykobiom-jelitowy-candida-2013/",{"rel":193,"hreflang":199,"href":194},"x-default",1791487498281]